Apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs in aged cell population and under certain circumstances. Without it cells never die. But apoptosis does not occur in tumour cells. Each cell division has the potential to cause alterations leading to malignancy and the lack of apoptosis. Ukrain induces apoptosis in cancer cells [62,142,146].

• Direct attack – at higher concentrations Ukrain directly induces apoptosis in the tumour cell.

• Disintegration – Ukrain-activated lymphocyte has triggered apoptosis of tumour cell.